Anoa

Conservation status Endangered



Genus Bubalus Species B. quarlesi, B. depressicornis

Binomial name : Bubalus quarlesi(Ouwens, 1910)

Anoa are a subgenus of buffalo comprising two species native to Indonesia: the Mountain Anoa (Bubalus quarlesi) and the Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis). Both live in undisturbed forest, and are essentially miniature Water Buffalo, are similar in appearance to a deer, weighing 150–300 kg (330–660 lb. Lives in deep rain forests.

Both are found on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia; the Mountain Anoa is also found on the nearby island of Butung. They apparently live singly or in pairs, rather than herds, except when the cows are about to give birth. One young is born per year.

Both species of anoa have been classified as endangered since the 1960s and the population continues to decrease. It is believed unlikely that there are more than 5000 animals of each species remaining. Reasons for the decline of the anoa include hunting for hide, horns and meat by the local peoples (though they were rarely hunted in their native range before the introduction of modern firearms); and loss of habitat due to the advancement of settlement. Currently, hunting is the more serious factor in most areas.

Mountain Anoa are also known as Anoa de Montana, Anoa de Quarle, Anoa des Montagnes, Anoa Pegunungan, and Quarle's Anoa. Lowland Anoa are also known as Anoa de Ilanura or Anoa des Plaines. They are also called sapiutan (or sapi utan).


Lowland Anoa stand but little over a yard at the shoulder, and is the most diminutive of all wild cattle. It is most closely allied to the larger Asiatic buffaloes, showing the same reversal of the direction of the hair on the back. The horns are peculiar for their upright direction and comparative straightness, although they have the same triangular section as in other buffaloes.

White spots are sometimes present below the eyes, and there may be white markings on the legs and back; and the absence or presence of these white markings may be indicative of distinct races. The horns of the cows are very small. The nearest allies of the anoa appear to be certain extinct buffaloes, of which the remains are found in the Siwalik Hills of northern India. In habits the animal appears to resemble the Indian buffalo.

References
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Black Mamba

Black mambas is dangerous and feared snakes in africa. They have average size being between 2.4 to 3 metres (7.8 - 9.8 foot). According to some reports they may grow on exception to 4.5 metres (14.7 feet). Black mambas belong to the genus, Dendroaspis. Nothing is truer when you are standing in front of big black mamba hissing loudly, mouth gaping, striking rapidly in your direction. But are all the frightening stories about black mambas true? I don’t think so. On the African continent many myths are told about these wonderful creatures. Stories abound about black mambas chasing people for miles, attacking when they notice you and visiting houses to kill every single person inside. All are exaggerations. Black mambas are not as fierce as people describe them. In captivity black mambas are docile and appreciative animals that show a fantastic and active behaviour when housed in a big enclosure the right way.Black mambas that reach this size are obviously rare and verifiable data is actually hard to track down.

The name "black mamba" is somewhat confusing as this animal is not black at all. The common name is given to the snake because the mouth is inky black on the inside. Most mambas have a dark olive, olive green, greyish brown or metal grey colour. Some of them will show a light banding around their body. Slightly speckled mambas are also not uncommon. Juvenile black mambas are light grey or olive in colour but will darken when older.
Black mambas are widespread over the African continent and occur from Somalia to South Africa. In the past black mambas were recognized in 2 subspecies: Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis and Dendroaspis polylepis antinorii. But research proved antinorii was an invalid subspecies. Venom research has shown us however, that there can be differences in venom composition in black mambas from different localities.

Black mambas are diurnal snakes that hunt prey actively. They live in a permanent lair which they will use for a long time if not disturbed, and also seem to have permanent basking spots which they will return to daily. Black mambas often live in termite mounds and hollow trees, but even when they are not supposed to be arboreal, they can sometimes be found in trees. Typically, when black mambas sense danger, they will slide away to the nearest hiding place, and are capable of doing this at 20 km/h, which makes the black mamba one of the fastest snakes in the world. Black mambas feed mainly on warm-blooded prey such as rodents, ground squirrels, hyraxes and other small mammals. Birds are occasionally taken. Black mambas’ eating reptiles and other snakes is quite rare and there is little documentation to substantiate it.

Black mambas usually bite their prey once or twice and then allow it go off to die before attempting to eat. They may however, bite and hold when eating birds. Their venom is very potent and is mainly based on neurotoxins that are absorbed quickly by the prey. The venom will cause a blockade at the neuromuscular junction which blocks every signal from the brain passing through the nervous system to the muscles which causes systemic paralysis. The prey will die from suffocation due to paralysis of the muscles of respiration.

Even though venom composition varies in black mambas from different localities, there is a good polyvalent antivenom produced by SAIMR (South African Institute of Medical Research) that effectively covers them all. Bites from black mambas to humans are rare, but are seriously life threatening when they occur. A good first aid treatment rapidly enacted is very important. We apply a pressure immobilization bandage as described by Prof. Struan Sutherland. During transport to the hospital, respiratory support for the bitten patient is very important. This can be either mouth to mouth, mouth to mask, or a bag-valve-mask device used by medical personnel. With good pre-hospital first aid and in-hospital antivenom treatment, 99% of victims survive without any complications. Reversal of symptoms is generally quite rapid with early antivenom administration.

Tiger

Kingdom: Animalia; Class : Mammalia; Order : Carniovra; Family : Felidae; Genus : Panthera; Species : Panthera tigris

Binomial name Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms :
Felis tigris Linnaeus, 1758; Tigris striatus Severtzov, 1858; Tigris regalis Gray, 1867

Conservation status Endangered

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is a mammal of the Felidae family, the largest of four "big cats" in the Panthera genus. Native to much of eastern and southern Asia, the tiger is an apex predator and an obligate carnivore. Reaching up to 4 metres (13 feet) in total length and weighing up to 300 kilograms (660 pounds), tigers are comparable in size to the biggest extinct felids. Aside from their great bulk and power, their most recognizable feature is the pattern of dark vertical stripes that overlays near-white to reddish-orange fur, with lighter underparts.

Highly adaptable, tigers range from the Siberian taiga to open grasslands to tropical mangrove swamps. They are territorial and generally solitary animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey demands. This, coupled with the fact that they are endemic to some of the more densely populated places on earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans. Of the nine subspecies of modern tiger, three are extinct and the remaining are classified as endangered, some critically so. The primary direct causes are habitat destruction and fragmentation and hunting. Their historical range, which once reached from Mesopotamia and the Caucasus through most of South and East Asia, has been radically reduced. While all surviving species are under formal protection, poaching, habitat destruction and inbreeding depression continue to be threats.

Habitat
Tigers are found in a variety of habitats, including both tropical and evergreen forests, woodlands, grasslands, rocky country, swamps, and savannas. The Caspian tiger was also found in steppes and mountainous areas. Compared to the lion, the tiger prefers more dense vegetation, for which its camouflage is ideally suited, and where a single predator is not at a disadvantage compared to a pride. Among the big cats, only the tiger and jaguar are strong swimmers; tigers are often found bathing in ponds, lakes, and rivers.


Range
In the historical past tigers were widespread in Asia, from the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea to Siberia and Indonesia. During the 19th century the striped cats completely vanished from entire western Asia and became restricted in the remaining parts of its range almost exclusively to isolated pockets. This fragmented relic range extends from India in the west to China and Southeast Asia in the east today. The northern limit is close to the Amur River in south eastern Siberia. The only large Island inhabited today is Sumatra. From Java it obviously disappeared in second half of the 19th century and from Borneo it is known only from fossil remains.
Taxonomy and evolution
The oldest remains of a tiger-like cat, called Panthera palaeosinensis have been found in China and Java. This species occurred about 2 million years ago at the beginning of the pleistocene and was smaller than a tiger. Early true tiger fossils stem from Java and are between 1.6 and 1.8 million years old. Distinct fossils from the early and middle Pleistocene were discovered in deposits from China, Sumatra and Java. A subspecies called Trinil tiger (Panthera tigris trinilensis) occurred about 1.2 million years ago and was found at the locality of Trinil, Java, Indonesia.In India, and northern Asia the tiger appears for the first time in the late pleistocene. Fossil tigers were also found in eastern Beringia (but not on the American Continent) and Sakhalin island. Tiger fossils of the late Pleistocene have also turned up in Japan. These fossils indicate that the Japanese tiger was not bigger than the island subspecies of tigers of recent ages. This may be due to the phenomenon in which body size is related to environmental space (see insular dwarfism), or in the case of a large predator like a tiger, availability of prey. Until the Holocene tigers occurred also in Borneo, where it is not present today.

German Shepherd Dog Breed Standard ( I )

General Appearance
The first impression of a good German Shepherd Dog is that of a strong, agile, well muscled animal, alert and full of life. It is well balanced, with harmonious development of the forequarter and hindquarter. The dog is longer than tall, deep-bodied, and presents an outline of smooth curves rather than angles. It looks substantial and not spindly, giving the impression, both at rest and in motion, of muscular fitness and nimbleness without any look of clumsiness or soft living. The ideal dog is stamped with a look of quality and nobility--difficult to define, but unmistakable when present. Secondary sex characteristics are strongly marked, and every animal gives a definite impression of masculinity or femininity, according to its sex.
TemperamentThe breed has a distinct personality marked by direct and fearless, but not hostile, expression, self-confidence and a certain aloofness that does not lend itself to immediate and indiscriminate friendships. The dog must be approachable, quietly standing its ground and showing confidence and willingness to meet overtures without itself making them. It is poised, but when the occasion demands, eager and alert; both fit and willing to serve in its capacity as companion, watchdog, blind leader, herding dog, or guardian, whichever the circumstances may demand. The dog must not be timid, shrinking behind its master or handler; it should not be nervous, looking about or upward with anxious expression or showing nervous reactions, such as tucking of tail, to strange sounds or sights. Lack of confidence under any surroundings is not typical of good character. Any of the above deficiencies in character which indicate shyness must be penalized as very serious faults and any dog exhibiting pronounced indications of these must be excused from the ring. It must be possible for the judge to observe the teeth and to determine that both testicles are descended. Any dog that attempts to bite the judge must be disqualified. The ideal dog is a working animal with an incorruptible character combined with body and gait suitable for the arduous work that constitutes its primary purpose.Size, Proportion, Substance

The desired height for males at the top of the highest point of the shoulder blade is 24 to 26 inches; and for bitches, 22 to 24 inches

The German Shepherd Dog is longer than tall, with the most desirable proportion as 10 to 8½. The length is measured from the point of the prosternum or breastbone to the rear edge of the pelvis, the ischial tuberosity. The desirable long proportion is not derived from a long back, but from overall length with relation to height, which is achieved by length of forequarter and length of withers and hindquarter, viewed from the side.

The German Shepherd Dog is longer than tall, with the most desirable proportion as 10 to 8½. The length is measured from the point of the prosternum or breastbone to the rear edge of the pelvis, the ischial tuberosity. The desirable long proportion is not derived from a long back, but from overall length with relation to height, which is achieved by length of forequarter and length of withers and hindquarter, viewed from the side.

HeadThe head is noble, cleanly chiseled, strong without coarseness, but above all not fine, and in proportion to the body. The head of the male is distinctly masculine, and that of the bitch distinctly feminine.

The expression keen, intelligent and composed. Eyes of medium size, almond shaped, set a little obliquely and not protruding. The color is as dark as possible. Ears are moderately pointed, in proportion to the skull, open toward the front, and carried erect when at attention, the ideal carriage being one in which the center lines of the ears, viewed from the front, are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the ground. A dog with cropped or hanging ears must be disqualified.

Seen from the front the forehead is only moderately arched, and the skull slopes into the long, wedge-shaped muzzle without abrupt stop. The muzzle is long and strong, and its topline is parallel to the topline of the skull. Nose black. A dog with a nose that is not predominantly black must be disqualified. The lips are firmly fitted. Jaws are strongly developed. Teeth --42 in number--20 upper and 22 lower--are strongly developed and meet in a scissors bite in which part of the inner surface of the upper incisors meet and engage part of the outer surface of the lower incisors. An overshot jaw or a level bite is undesirable. An undershot jaw is a disqualifying fault. Complete dentition is to be preferred. Any missing teeth other than first premolars is a serious fault
FROM : American Kennel Club® (AKC Copyright and Trademark Statement)

Dingo

Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Carnivora, Family: Canidae, Genus: Canis, Species: C. lupus, Subspecies: C. l. dingo

Trinomial name Canis lupus dingo(Meyer, 1793)

The dingo (plural dingoes) or warrigal, Canis lupus dingo, is a type of wild dog, probably descended from the Southern-East Asian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes).It is commonly described as an Australian wild dog, but is not restricted to Australia, nor did it originate there. Modern dingoes are found throughout Southeast Asia, mostly in small pockets of remaining natural forest, and in mainland Australia, particularly in the north. They have features in common with both wolves and modern dogs, and are regarded as more or less unchanged descendants of an early ancestor of modern dogs. The name dingo comes from the language of the Eora Aboriginal people, who were the original inhabitants of the Sydney area.

Characteristics
Weight: 22-53 pounds (10 and 24 kilograms) Height: 17-25 inches (44 and 63 cm) Coat: grow a second thicker coat during late autumn for warmth which usually sheds by mid to late spring Litter size: About five pups Life span: 3-7 years in wild 14 years in captivity
The dingo is legendary as Australia's wild dog, though it also occurs in Southeast Asia. The Australian animals may be descendants of Asian dingoes that were introduced to the continent some 4,000 to 3,000 years ago.

These golden-orange canids may live alone (especially young males) or in packs of up to 15 animals. They roam great distances and communicate with wolf-like howls.
Dingo hunting is opportunistic. Animals hunt alone or in packs. They pursue small game such as rabbits, rodents, birds, and lizards in addition to larger prey such as kangaroos, sheep, cattle and deer. These dogs will eat fruits and plants as well. They also scavenge from humans, particularly in their Asian range.

Australia is home to so many of these animals that they are generally considered cute, but pests. A famous "dingo fence" has been erected to protect grazing lands for the continent's herds of sheep. It is likely that more dingoes live in Australia today than when Europeans first arrived.
Though dingoes are numerous, their pure genetic strain is rapidly being compromised. They can and do interbreed with domestic dogs to produce hybrid animals. Studies suggest that more than a third of southeastern Australia's dingoes are hybrids.

At between 10 and 24 kilograms (22-53 pounds), dingoes are a little smaller than wolves of the northern hemisphere (in keeping with Bergmann's Rule), have a lean, athletic build, and have erect ears. They stand between 44 and 63 cm (17-25 inches) high at the shoulder, and the head-body length varies between 86 and 122 cm (34-48 inches). Fur colour varies but is usually ginger: some have a reddish tinge, others are more sandy yellow, and some are even black; the underside is lighter. Alpine dingoes are found in high elevation areas of the Australian Alps, and grow a second thicker coat during late autumn for warmth which usually sheds by mid to late spring. Most dingoes have white markings on the chest, feet, and the tip of the tail; some have a blackish muzzle. They can live for up to 14 years in captivity, but have a more usual lifespan of 3-7 years.

Unlike the domestic dog, dingoes breed only once a year and generally do not bark. They have a more independent temperament than domestic dogs, and the skull is distinctive, with a narrower muzzle, larger auditory bullae, larger canine teeth, and a domed head. They are extremely agile and are known to climb trees. Females typically give birth to about five pups, which are not independent until six to eight months of age. In packs, a dominant breeding female will kill the offspring of other females.

Wild dingoes prey on a variety of animals, mostly small or medium-sized animals, but also larger herbivores if need be. They are opportunistic carnivores, taking prey ranging in size from moths, lizards and small rodents up to sheep and kangaroos. A dingo may have absconded with the living or dead body of the baby Azaria Chamberlain in 1980. A number of more recent attacks on humans at Fraser Island provide evidence supporting the possibility, and show that interactions with wild dingos -- as with any unfamiliar creature -- should be based in caution.

Dingoes do not generally form packs; they more often travel in pairs or small family groups. However, they are capable of forming larger packs to hunt cooperatively. While dingo groups use defined home territories, these territories can overlap with those of other groups.
Domestication is possible only if the dingoes are taken into captivity as young pups.



From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cobra Snakes

Introduction
The cobra snake is the largest venomous snake in the world and probably also the deadliest in terms of known human deaths caused by a snake. Just like the coral snake (see the navigation panel to your right) they belong to the Elapidae family. Snakes in this family are found around the world including the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. The cobra snake can reach a length of almost 6 meter.

Most venomous snakes in Australia are Elapids and in some subtropical areas particularly in the rural tropics, deaths caused by Elapids is significant medical problem (White 2000)

Diet and Nutrition
Their preferred preys are rodents and birds. They does however also eat other snakes and some particular species as for instance the King Cobra, is said to have a preference for snakes. They kill their prey by injecting their neurotoxic poison into the prey through their fangs. The neurotoxin of cobra snakes has the ability of destroying the communication across the connection constituting the contact points between nerve cells. When this communication is destroyed the victim's muscles cannot be used in any kind of defense.

Habitat
Most Cobra snakes are found in desert regions of Africa and Asia.

Bite from a Cobra Snake
Not all cobra bites are venomous; some bites are so called dry bites which may cause serious infections due to bacteria from the cobras mouth. It is estimated that approximately 75 % of people receiving a bite from a Cobra Snake will eventually die from the medical complications arising from the bite. A real (not dry) bite from a cobra snake will in the most severe cases cause death within 10 minutes. Since its neurotoxic venom acts by inhibiting the transfer of transmitter substances across the synaptic cleft, mechanical ventilation of a victim may be a way of increasing the victims chance of survival. If antivenin is applied prompt its of uttermost importance, that the species that caused the bite is identified, since correct management of the patient is dependent on the prompt administration of the correct antivenin (Britt & Burkhart 1997)2.

Life Cycle
Some, but not all cobras, build small nests where the females lay there eggs. The number of laid eggs varies from season to season and depends on weather and the amount of food available etc. An average of 20 to 40 eggs is however normal. The eggs are laid approximately 9 weeks after mating. New cobras emerge after two too two and a half month. The mother leaves the eggs, by instinct, just before they hatch. This is a smart trick from Mother Nature because else she will eat the eggs in most cases, even though it sounds like an illogical behavior. The baby cobra snakes are venomous right from the start and they have a length depending on species.

King Cobra
The king cobra has a special preference for other snakes but it will also feed on small lizards and even mammals. Its found in Asia where it prefers to live in tropical forests and grassland. It is 10-12 feet long and will attack if provoked even though it's considered shy.
This cobra snake can be found in India, southern parts of China, in the Phillipines and in Malaysia. The snake occupies a wide range of habitats but prefers areas with access to water. It is by the way an excellent swimmer.

Spitting Cobra
Several species of the cobra snakes has the ability of spitting. It is used as a defense against predators. Generally a human can't die from a spit by a cobra snake. The venom in the snakes saliva can however cause permanent blindness and give scars if untreated.

References
1White J "Bites and stings from venomous animals: A global overview" THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING Vol. 22 pp 65-68 (2000)
2Brit A & Burkhart "Naja naja cobra bite" AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE Vol. 15 (5) page 529-531 (1997)

King Cobra

The King Cobra is the largest venomous snake. The solitary King Cobra lives in rainforests, tropical deciduous forests, tropical scrub forests, and tropical grasslands of India, southern China, and southeast Asia. Several of people die from the bite of the King Cobra each year. A King Cobra can even kill an elephant.

The King Cobra can slither on land, climb on trees, and swim on water; it often lives near water. It has a life span of about 20 years.

The Hood: When the King Cobra is threatened or on the attack, it will hiss, rear up, and flatten its neck ribs into a hood. There are false eyespots on the hood, which can scare some predators.
Anatomy: King Cobras have been found up to 18 feet (5.5 m) long, but average about 13 ft (4 m) long. Its hollow fangs are up to 1/2 inch (1.25 cm) long. Poison is forced through the fangs when the cobra bites. The scaly skin glistens but is dry to the touch. Adults are yellow, green, brown, or black; the throat is light yellow or cream-colored. Juveniles are black with yellow or white bars crossing the body. The King Cobra smells using its forked tongue. Although it is deaf to sounds, it can feel vibrations (like footsteps).

Like all snakes, King Cobras are cold-blooded; they are the same temperature as the environment. They continue to grow all their lives, getting bigger and bigger each year.
Hunting and Diet: The King Cobra is a carnivore (meat-eater). King Cobras are venomous; one bite can paralyze and kill their prey within minutes. The victim dies from suffocation, as the lungs and heart stop.

Like all snakes, they swallow the prey whole, head first. The top and bottom jaws are attached to each other with stretchy ligaments, which let the snake swallow animals wider that itself. Snakes can't chew their prey; food is digested by very strong acids in the snake's stomach.
The King Cobra eats mostly cold-blooded animals, including snakes (like the rat snake) and lizards. After swallowing a large animal (which can take hours), the King Cobra can go without food for months.

Reproduction:

Female King Cobras build a leafy nest early in spring; they lay up to 20 to 50 white, leathery eggs, which have an incubation period of 60 to 70 days. Nesting females are very dangerous.

Classification:

Class Reptilia (reptiles), Order Squamata (lizards and snakes), Suborder Serpentes, Family Elapidae, Genus Ophiophagus, Species hannah.

From : EnchantedLearning.com

Boa constrictor

Binomial name :Boa constrictor (Linnaeus, 1758)

Scientific classification
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Reptilia
Order : Squamata
Suborder : Serpentes
Family : Boidae
Subfamily : Boinae
Genus : Boa
Species : B. constrictor

Description and habitat
Though sometimes impressively large, boa constrictors are not the giant snakes of the popular imagination. Depending on their geographic origin and sex (females are usually somewhat larger), they can reach from 3.25 to 13 feet as adults. Boa constrictors have a pattern of brown, reddish-brown to black "saddles" or dorsal blobs of color on a lighter background which can range through white, golden, grey or brownish, pink. Specimens from most localities have more or less prominent dark red, reddish brown or brown markings on the tail.Their preferred habitat is in rain forests and open savannas.Female boas produce live offspring instead of laying eggs. Fertilization by the male is internal. During copulation, males can cling to the female via a small set of "spurs" that are generally hidden below scales on either side of the vent and are actually evolutionary remnants of the hind legs. The gestation period of boas is 108 days after the post ovulation shed.

Subspecies
Amaral's Boa, Boa constrictor amarali (Stull, 1932); Common Red-tailed Boa, Boa constrictor constrictor (Linnaeus, 1758); Common Northern Boa, Boa constrictor imperator (Daudin, 1803); Tumbes Peru Boa, Boa constrictor longicauda (Price&Russo, 1991); Ecuadorian Boa, Boa constrictor melanogaster (Langhammer, 1983); Dominican Clouded Boa, Boa constrictor nebulosa (Lazell, 1964); Argentine Boa, Boa constrictor occidentalis (Philippi, 1863); St. Lucia Boa, Boa constrictor orophias (Linnaeus, 1758); Orton's Boa, Boa constrictor ortonii (Cope, 1878); Pearl Island Boa, Boa constrictor sabogae (Barbour, 1906)

Ecology
The boa constrictor's diet ranges from small rodents and lizards to large birds, marmosets, coatimundi, iguana and opossums. They locate prey by scent but are generally considered opportunistic eaters, preferring to ambush rather than hunt. This is, however, not true for all species; the Puerto Rican Boa will hang in the mouths of caves snatching bats as they fly by. Unlike pythons, they do not have heat sensitive scales on their snout. Also, boas give birth to live young and do not lay eggs like pythons do.

In captivity
Boa constrictors do well in captivity, usually becoming quite tame, and are a common sight in zoos. They can live up to 20 to 30 years old in captivity, with rare accounts of over 40 years old, making them a long-term commitment as a pet. Animal husbandry is the most significant factor in captive lifespan.

While still imported in significant numbers, boa constrictors are widely bred in captivity, both for the casual pet trade and among serious herpetocultural hobbiests. In addition to normal-appearing specimens, animals exhibiting a wide variety of color and pattern mutations (e.g. albinism) are being produced. Many of these are quite expensive.

The subspecies most readily available commercially is B. c. imperator, often termed the "common boa" or "Colombian redtail boa," even though its tail markings tend toward brown rather than the deep red or reddish brown of the "true redtail" subspecies, B. c. constrictor. B. c. imperator is a wide-ranging subspecies and its appearance varies greatly with location. Mainland specimens from Colombia can be among the larger boas, but this subspecies also includes a number of dwarf insular populations, such as those from various Caribbean islands and the Sonoran desert of Mexico. These populations represent the smallest of the boa constrictors.
In recent years many herpetoculurists, mostly working with B. c. imperator, have dedicated themselves to the reproduction of animals with unusual and sometimes spectacular color and pattern mutations, referred to as "morphs" within the hobby. Specimens with anomalous appearance crop up from time to time among imports, or in captive bred animals. When this occurs, breeders will attempt to breed the animal to its own close relations, often its own offspring. If the issue of these breedings show the same traits, then the trait has been "proven" to be an inheritable genetic mutation. Often breeding programs are established to combine more than one mutation, producing even more unusual-looking animals that would never be seen in nature.

Pheasant

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Chordata; Class: Aves; Order: Galliformes; Family: Phasianidae
Genera

Ithaginis, Catreus, Rheinartia, Crossoptilon, Lophura, Argusianus, Pucrasia, Syrmaticus,Chrysolophus,Phasianus

Pheasant are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, with males being highly ornate with bright colours and adornments such as wattles and long tails. Males are usually larger than the females, and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. Pheasants typically eat seeds and some insects. While on the ground, a group of pheasants is called a nye.

There are 35 species of pheasant in 11 different genera. The best-known is the Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) which is widespread throughout the world in introduced feral populations and in farm operations. Various other pheasant species are popular in aviaries, such as the Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant"

Persian Cat

Persian Cat represent the very beautiful cat and respect with the big body form, solid, circular and big head, closed over by the thick fur coat. Civilian even also direct surely can recognize the cat persia.

In Indonesia, cat of race persia quite a lot liked compared to a other;dissimilar race. Is possible caused a thick and long fur and also the nature of peace, classy and indulge representing one of individuality of cat of race persia. penned Easier Persian, relative is not whoop it up and more compatible live within doors
Pursuant to its fur length, persia composed [by] the daru two type that is long furry ( long haired persian) and short furry ( exotic short hair).

Pursuant to variation colour, divisible persia become seven group, that is :
Solid Color ( immediately online)
Silver And Golden Division ( immediately online)
Shaded And Smoke Division ( immediately online)
Tabby Division ( immediately online)
Particolor Division ( immediately online)
Bicolor Division ( immediately online)
Himalayan Division ( immediately online)

Lead the :
Circular and big Head Persia, wide and flat nosed nose with the clear constrictor gap with the eye. Cheek of full sustained by a uppermost cheekbone. If seen from other sideing, part of forehead of nose and chin is in form of diametrical plump line
Ear have :
Circular back part, part of wide base, do not too high and heel forwards
Eye :
Eye opening wide and globular, eye colour relate to the fur colour.
Body :
Circular and wide chest with the back shares a few/little circular, size measure and lower and circular backside stomach position ( cobby)
Foot/Feet :
Short, thick, strength sustained a king sized bone. Diametrical foreleg and foot/feet [of] behind diametrical also if/when seen from back.
Claw :
Big sturdy and circular, five finger in foreleg and four finger in foot/feet behind
Fur :
Lustrous thick and long, closing over from head to foot
Tail :
Furry tick and diametrical, long according to body proportion
Nature of :
Easy to adapt by assorted place, like to play at and easy to to be loved the. sweet Face expression with the nature of peace can sit and sleep one place during for hours, is not whoop it up and also is soft-spoken.
Ordinary Disease Groan
Feline viral rhinotracheitis · Feline calicivirus · Feline panleukopenia · Feline leukemia virus · Feline immunodeficiency virus · Feline infectious peritonitis · Rabies · Ringworm · Flea · Heartworm · Roundworm · Tick · Toxoplasmosis · Feline acne · Cat skin disorders · Feline asthma · Feline Hepatic Lipidosis · Feline lower urinary tract disease ·

From : kucingkita.com

Pit Bull

From : Wikipedia
Pit Bull is a term commonly used to describe several types of dogs with similar physical characteristics. Its use in media is often vague and rarely descriptive of specific breeds. There are several physically similar breeds that are often termed "pit bull" in English speaking countries, including the American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Perro de Presa Canario, Cane Corso, Dogo Argentino, Alano Espanol, Japanese Tosa, Dogue de Bordeaux, and Perro de Pelea. These breeds are usually not included by name in any Breed-Specific Legislation (see below), but are sometimes included because of a broad definition and confusion as to what a pit bull actually is. All of these breeds as well as many others (including Great Danes, Newfoundlands and Rottweilers) are members of the Molosser family of dog breeds

The ancestors of modern pit bulls come from the bulldogs and terriers of England. At one time, every county in England had its own breed of terrier. Many of these still exist; however, some have evolved into new ones. Such is the case for the English White and the Black and Tan terriers, whose descendants include the bull-and-terriers, the Fox Terrier, and the Manchester Terrier. Terriers served an important purpose in England by killing vermin that might otherwise ruin crops, damage property, or spread disease such as the Black Plague. The development of sports such as rat- or badger-baiting further added to the breeds' importance.
Mastiff type dogs also have a long history in England; they are thought to have been brought by the Celts. It is also known that the Normans introduced the Alaunt. These dogs were used in battle and for guarding, but they also served utilitarian purposes, such as farm work. Specifically, these dogs accompanied farmers into the fields to assist with bringing bulls in for breeding, castration, or slaughter. The dogs, known generally as bulldogs, protected the farmer by subduing the bull if it attempted to gore him. Typically a dog would do this by biting the bull on the nose and holding on until the bull submitted. Bulldogs were bred to have powerful, muscular bodies and the resolve to hold onto a violently struggling bull despite injury. These traits permitted the development and rise of the bloody sports of bull-baiting and bear-baiting. In Elizabethan England, these spectacles were popular forms of entertainment. However, in 1835, bull-baiting and bear-baiting were abolished by Parliament as cruel, and the custom died out over the following years.

Dog fights
Pit bulls are often used for dog fights, due to their strength, courage and widespread availability. Fight training often means using other dogs (especially females) as 'bait dogs' which have their muzzles taped shut while the fighting dog attacks them as a form of training for the pit. Although dog fighting is illegal in the United States, it is still practiced, and is sometimes accompanied by gambling.

Persian Cat

Persian Cat represent the very beautiful cat and respect with the big body form, solid, circular and big head, closed over by the thick fur coat. Civilian even also direct surely can recognize the cat persia.

In Indonesia, cat of race persia quite a lot liked compared to a other;dissimilar race. Is possible caused a thick and long fur and also the nature of peace, classy and indulge representing one of individuality of cat of race persia. penned Easier Persian, relative is not whoop it up and more compatible live within doors
Pursuant to its fur length, persia composed [by] the daru two type that is long furry ( long haired persian) and short furry ( exotic short hair).

Pursuant to variation colour, divisible persia become seven group, that is :
Solid Color ( immediately online)
Silver And Golden Division ( immediately online)
Shaded And Smoke Division ( immediately online)
Tabby Division ( immediately online)
Particolor Division ( immediately online)
Bicolor Division ( immediately online)
Himalayan Division ( immediately online)

Lead the :
Circular and big Head Persia, wide and flat nosed nose with the clear constrictor gap with the eye. Cheek of full sustained by a uppermost cheekbone. If seen from other sideing, part of forehead of nose and chin is in form of diametrical plump line
Ear have :
Circular back part, part of wide base, do not too high and heel forwards
Eye :
Eye opening wide and globular, eye colour relate to the fur colour.
Body :
Circular and wide chest with the back shares a few/little circular, size measure and lower and circular backside stomach position ( cobby)
Foot/Feet :
Short, thick, strength sustained a king sized bone. Diametrical foreleg and foot/feet [of] behind diametrical also if/when seen from back.
Claw :
Big sturdy and circular, five finger in foreleg and four finger in foot/feet behind
Fur :
Lustrous thick and long, closing over from head to foot
Tail :
Furry tick and diametrical, long according to body proportion
Nature of :
Easy to adapt by assorted place, like to play at and easy to to be loved the. sweet Face expression with the nature of peace can sit and sleep one place during for hours, is not whoop it up and also is soft-spoken.
Ordinary Disease Groan
Feline viral rhinotracheitis · Feline calicivirus · Feline panleukopenia · Feline leukemia virus · Feline immunodeficiency virus · Feline infectious peritonitis · Rabies · Ringworm · Flea · Heartworm · Roundworm · Tick · Toxoplasmosis · Feline acne · Cat skin disorders · Feline asthma · Feline Hepatic Lipidosis · Feline lower urinary tract disease ·

From : kucingkita.com

Snapping Turtle

Snapping Turtle
Chelydra serpentina serpentina (Linnaeus)
The snapper is our biggest freshwater turtle, up to 35 cm shell length. Recognize it by its size, its muscular limbs and long tail or by the sawtooth back edge of its carapace. Colour usually looks greenish-gray or dark green because of algae growing on the carapace. Underneath, the plastron is much smaller than the carapace, so this turtle cannot protect itself by drawing into its shell. It looks like a size 10 turtle in a size 6 shell!
This, plus its slowness on dry land, explains the snapper's aggressive behaviour when threatened - it cannot run or hide, so its only defence is attack. If molested, it will lunge forward with a neck that can reach halfway back to its tail, and cause a painful bite. In water, snappers are shy of humans and will swim away quietly. They only come out on land in late June and early July to dig a nest and lay eggs.
Leave them alone Snappers frequent shallow lakes and streams with lots of plants. They eat fish, amphibians, and some bigger and smaller creatures located with their especially keen sense of smell. Unlike Painted Turtles, they are rarely seen out of the water basking in the sun.
They hibernate underwater in winter.

Cobra

Introduction
The cobra snake is the largest venomous snake in the world and probably also the deadliest in terms of known human deaths caused by a snake. Just like the coral snake (see the navigation panel to your right) they belong to the Elapidae family. Snakes in this family are found around the world including the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. The cobra snake can reach a length of almost 6 meter.

Most venomous snakes in Australia are Elapids and in some subtropical areas particularly in the rural tropics, deaths caused by Elapids is significant medical problem (White 2000)1.
Diet and Nutrition

Their preferred preys are rodents and birds. They does however also eat other snakes and some particular species as for instance the King Cobra, is said to have a preference for snakes. They kill their prey by injecting their neurotoxic poison into the prey through their fangs. The neurotoxin of cobra snakes has the ability of destroying the communication across the connection constituting the contact points between nerve cells. When this communication is destroyed the victim's muscles cannot be used in any kind of defense.

Habitat
Most Cobra snakes are found in desert regions of Africa and Asia.

Bite from a Cobra Snake
Not all cobra bites are venomous; some bites are so called dry bites which may cause serious infections due to bacteria from the cobras mouth. It is estimated that approximately 75 % of people receiving a bite from a Cobra Snake will eventually die from the medical complications arising from the bite. A real (not dry) bite from a cobra snake will in the most severe cases cause death within 10 minutes. Since its neurotoxic venom acts by inhibiting the transfer of transmitter substances across the synaptic cleft, mechanical ventilation of a victim may be a way of increasing the victims chance of survival. If antivenin is applied prompt its of uttermost importance, that the species that caused the bite is identified, since correct management of the patient is dependent on the prompt administration of the correct antivenin (Britt & Burkhart 1997)2.

Life Cycle
Some, but not all cobras, build small nests where the females lay there eggs. The number of laid eggs varies from season to season and depends on weather and the amount of food available etc. An average of 20 to 40 eggs is however normal. The eggs are laid approximately 9 weeks after mating. New cobras emerge after two too two and a half month. The mother leaves the eggs, by instinct, just before they hatch. This is a smart trick from Mother Nature because else she will eat the eggs in most cases, even though it sounds like an illogical behavior. The baby cobra snakes are venomous right from the start and they have a length depending on species.

King Cobra
The king cobra has a special preference for other snakes but it will also feed on small lizards and even mammals. Its found in Asia where it prefers to live in tropical forests and grassland. It is 10-12 feet long and will attack if provoked even though it's considered shy.
This cobra snake can be found in India, southern parts of China, in the Phillipines and in Malaysia. The snake occupies a wide range of habitats but prefers areas with access to water. It is by the way an excellent swimmer.

Spitting Cobra
Several species of the cobra snakes has the ability of spitting. It is used as a defense against predators. Generally a human can't die from a spit by a cobra snake. The venom in the snakes saliva can however cause permanent blindness and give scars if untreated.

References
1White J "Bites and stings from venomous animals: A global overview" THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING Vol. 22 pp 65-68 (2000)
2Brit A & Burkhart "Naja naja cobra bite" AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE Vol. 15 (5) page 529-531 (1997)